PROBABILITY (Introduction and Concepts)
Quantitative Aptitude Study Notes for Bank & SSC
Exam
You know that quantitative
aptitude section is most important in bank
exams in PO and Clerk and for other competitive exams because if you want
good score in bank exam then you have to score good in maths. In competitive
exams the most important thing is time management, if you know how to manage
your time then you can do well in Bank
Exams as well as in other competitive exams. That’s where maths shortcut tricks and formula are
comes into action. So continuously we are providing shortcut tricks on
different maths topics. Today’s topic is Probability. This
is the one of the most important topic in quantitative aptitude section in bank
and SSC exam. You should know how to probability
questions and answers in very short time for bank exam. From this chapter
around 1-2 questions are given in the SBI and IBPS exams. For this here we are
providing shortcut tricks and quicker method to solve probability problems in
very short time. It is similar to previous topic permutations and combinations.
Introduction to Probability: it is a measurement of
uncertainty. In this topic chances of the happening of events are considered.
Random Experiment:
It is an experiment which if
conducted repeatedly under homogeneous conditions does not give the same
result. The result may be any one of the various possible ‘outcomes’. Here the
result is not unique (or the same every time). For example, if an unbiased dice
is thrown it will not always fall with any particular number up. Any of the six
numbers on the dice can come up.
Examples: 1. tossing a coin
2. rolling a dice.
Trial and Event:
The performance of a random
experiment is called a trial and the outcome an event. Thus, throwing of a dice
would be called a trial and result (falling of any one of the six numbers 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6,) an event.
Events could be either simple or
compound (also called composite). An event is called simple if it corresponds
to a single possible outcome. Thus, in tossing a dice, the chance of getting 3
is a simple event (because 3 occur in the dice only once). However, the chance
of getting an odd number is a compound event (because odd numbers are more than
one, i.e. 1, 3, and 5).
Mutually Exclusive
Events: Two or more
events are said to be mutually exclusive if the occurrence of any one excludes
the happening of other in the same experiment.
eg. On tossing of a coin it head
occur, then it prevents happing of tail, in the same single experiment.
Exhaustive Events: All possible outcomes of an
event are known as exhaustive events.
eg. In a through of single dice
the exhaustive events are six { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
Equally Likely Event: Two or more events are said to
be equally likely if the chances of their happening are equal.
eg. In throwing of an unbiased
coin, result of Heat and Tail is equally likely.
Playing Cards:
(1)
Total number of card are 52.
(2)
There are 13 cards of each suit named Diamond, Hearts, Clubs and Spades
(3)
Out of which Hearts and diamonds are red cards.
(4)
Spades and Clubs are black cards
(5) There are four face
cards each in number four Ace, King, Queen and Jack.
Black
Suit Card (26)
i) Spade (13)
ii) Club (13)
Red Suit Card(26)
i) Diamond (13)
ii) Heart (13)
(6) Each Spade, Club,
Diamond, Heart has 9 digit cards 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10
(7) PROBABILITY
There are 4 Honours cards each Spade, Club, Diamond, Heart contains 4
numbers of Honours cards Ace, King, Queen and Jack.
Now, of an event (E) is denoted
by P(E) and is defined as
P(E) = n(E) / n(S)
= no of desired events / total
no. of events (i.e. no. of sample space)
When
a coin is tossed, as for example, probability of head coming.
P(H) = ½ = P(T), Probability of
Tail coming.
When two coins are tossed,
Probability for Heads coming on both the coins = ¼
Probability of at least one Tail
coming = 1+1+1 / 4
= ¾
RESULTS ON PROBABILITY:
a)
P (sample space) = 1
b)
0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
c)
P (not A) = P (A bar) = 1 – P(A)
Important Points for Probability:
a)
When more than 1 card/ball is drawn from the total cards/balls we
should use combination.
b)
Odds in favour of event A = P(A)/P(not A)
c)
Odds in against of event A = P(not A)/P(A)
Ex. 1. A dice is thrown. What is the probability that the
number shown on the dice is an even no.?
Solution: E (an even no.) = (2 ,
4, 6), n(E) = 3
P(E) = n(E)/n(S)
= 3/6
= ½
Ex. 2. Two coins are tossed. What is the probability of
the appearing of at most one head?
Solution: n(S) = 4 = (T, T), (H,
T), (T, H), (H, H)
E (of appearing at most one head)
= (HT, TH, TT), n(E) = 3
P (E) = ¾
Ex. 3. A dice is thrown. What is the probability that the
number shown on the dice is not divisible by 3?
Solution: S = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
n(S) = 6
E (not divisible by 3) = (1, 2,
4, 5), n(E) = 4
P (not divisible by 3) = 4/6 =
2/3
other method: E (divisible by 3)
= (3, 6), n(E) = 2
p (divisible by 3) = 2/6 = 1/3
p (not divisible by 3) = 1-P
(divisible by 3) = 1 – 1/3 = 2/3
Ex. 4. When two dice are thrown, what is the probability
that sum of numbers appeared is 6 and 7?
Solution: for 6, reqd probability
= n(E) / n(S) = 5/36
For 7, reqd probability = 6/36 =
1/6
Ex. 5. A card is drawn from a pack of cards. What is the
probability that it is a card of black suit?
Solution: for all the above cases
n(S) = 52C1 = 52
26/52 = ½
Or, 26C1 / 52C2
= 26/52
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